feat(renderer): add shadow mapping with PCF soft shadows

Introduce shadow mapping using a dedicated depth framebuffer and shader. The block fragment shader now performs percentage-closer filtering (PCF) with Poisson disk sampling and random rotation for soft shadows. The vertex shader outputs light-space coordinates. A new depth shader pair handles rendering from the light's perspective, discarding transparent fragments. The renderer sets up the light projection based on the camera position and sun direction, and applies the shadow factor to diffuse lighting. Day/night cycle can now be toggled off in the world server thread.

assets/shaders/block_f_shader.glsl

@@ -3,15 +3,62 @@
 in vec2 tc;
 in vec3 normal;
 in vec3 vert_pos;
+in vec4 FragPosLightSpace;
 flat in int tex_layer;
 out vec4 color;
-
+layout (binding = 0) uniform sampler2D shadowMap;
-layout (binding = 0) uniform sampler2DArray samp;
+layout (binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray samp;
 
 uniform float ambientStrength;
 uniform vec3 sunlightColor;
 uniform vec3 sunlightDir;
 
+const vec2 poissonDisk[8] = vec2[](
+    vec2( 0.1440,  0.7659), vec2(-0.5761,  0.4479),
+    vec2(-0.3220, -0.6058), vec2( 0.5693, -0.4048),
+    vec2(-0.1276,  0.1657), vec2(-0.0649, -0.0165),
+    vec2( 0.2773, -0.0305), vec2(-0.1134, -0.2122)
+);
+
+float random(vec3 seed) {
+    return fract(sin(dot(seed, vec3(12.9898,78.233,45.5432))) * 43758.5453);
+}
+
+float ShadowCalculation(vec4 fragPosLightSpace, vec3 norm, vec3 lightDir)
+{
+
+    vec3 projCoords = fragPosLightSpace.xyz / fragPosLightSpace.w;
+
+    projCoords = projCoords * 0.5 + 0.5;
+    if (projCoords.x < 0.0 || projCoords.x > 1.0 ||
+        projCoords.y < 0.0 || projCoords.y > 1.0 ||
+        projCoords.z < 0.0 || projCoords.z > 1.0) {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    float currentDepth = projCoords.z;
+    vec2 texelSize = 1.0 / vec2(textureSize(shadowMap, 0));
+    float bias = 0.0002;
+    bias += max(0.005 * texelSize.x * (1.0 - dot(norm, lightDir)), 0.0);
+
+    float angle = random(gl_FragCoord.xyy) * 6.2831853; // 2*PI
+    float s = sin(angle), c = cos(angle);
+    mat2 rot = mat2(c, -s, s, c);
+
+    float radius = 1.5;
+
+    float shadow = 0.0;
+    const int samples = 8;
+    for (int i = 0; i < samples; ++i) {
+        vec2 offset = rot * poissonDisk[i] * radius * texelSize;
+        float pcfDepth = texture(shadowMap, projCoords.xy + offset).r;
+        shadow += (currentDepth - bias > pcfDepth ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+    }
+    shadow /= float(samples);
+
+    return shadow;
+}
+
+
 void main(void) {
     vec4 objectColor = texture(samp, vec3(tc, tex_layer));
     
@@ -29,7 +76,9 @@ void main(void) {
     
     vec3 diffuse = diff * sunlightColor;
 
-    color = vec4((ambient + diffuse) * objectColor.rgb, objectColor.a);
+    float shadow = ShadowCalculation(FragPosLightSpace, norm, lightDir);  
+  
+    color = vec4((ambient + (1.0 - shadow) * (diffuse)) * objectColor.rgb, objectColor.a);
 
     //color = varyingColor;
 }

assets/shaders/block_v_shader.glsl

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ out vec2 tc;
 out vec3 normal;
 out vec3 vert_pos;
 flat out int tex_layer;
+out vec4 FragPosLightSpace;
 
 mat4 buildRotateX(float rad);
 mat4 buildRotateY(float rad);
@@ -17,19 +18,19 @@ mat4 buildTranslate(float x, float y, float z);
 uniform mat4 mv_matrix;
 uniform mat4 proj_matrix;
 uniform mat4 norm_matrix;
-
+uniform mat4 lightSpaceMatrix;
 
 void main(void) {
     vec4 viewPos = mv_matrix * vec4(pos, 1.0);
 
-    vert_pos = viewPos.xyz;
+    vert_pos = pos;
 
     tc = texCoord;
     
     tex_layer = int(layer);
     
     normal = mat3(norm_matrix) * aNormal;
-    
+    FragPosLightSpace = lightSpaceMatrix * vec4(pos, 1.0);
     gl_Position = proj_matrix * viewPos;
 }
 

assets/shaders/depth_fragment_shader.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#version 460
+
+in vec2 tc;
+flat in int tex_layer;
+layout (binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray samp;
+
+void main() {
+    vec4 texColor = texture(samp, vec3(tc, tex_layer));
+    if (texColor.a < 0.8) 
+        discard;
+    //gl_FragDepth = gl_FragCoord.z; 
+}

assets/shaders/depth_shader.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#version 460
+layout (location = 0) in vec3 pos;
+layout (location = 1) in vec2 texCoord;
+layout (location = 2) in float layer;
+uniform mat4 lightSpaceMatrix;
+out vec2 tc;
+flat out int tex_layer;
+void main() {
+    tc = texCoord;
+    tex_layer = int(layer);
+    gl_Position = lightSpaceMatrix  * vec4(pos, 1.0);
+}

include/Cubed/camera.hpp

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ public:
     const glm::vec3& get_camera_pos() const;
 
     bool is_under_water() const;
+    glm::vec3 get_camera_front() const;
 };
 
 } // namespace Cubed

include/Cubed/gameplay/world.hpp

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ private:
     std::atomic<bool> m_is_rebuilding{false};
     std::atomic<bool> m_chunk_gen_finished{false};
     std::atomic<bool> m_could_gen{true};
+    std::atomic<bool> m_day_night_cycle{true};
     std::atomic<int> m_rendering_distance{24};
     std::atomic<float> m_chunk_gen_fraction{0.0f};
 

include/Cubed/renderer.hpp

@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ private:
     static constexpr float NEAR_PLANE = 0.1f;
     static constexpr float SUN_SIZE = 50.0f;
     static constexpr float MOON_SIZE = 50.0f;
-
+    static constexpr float DEPTH_MAP_WIDTH = 2048.0f;
+    static constexpr float DEPTH_MAP_HEIGHT = 2048.0f;
     float m_ambient_strength = 0.1f;
 
     const Camera& m_camera;
@@ -74,6 +75,10 @@ private:
     GLuint m_accum_texture = 0;
     GLuint m_reveal_texture = 0;
     GLuint m_oit_depth_render_buffer = 0;
+
+    GLuint m_depth_map_fbo = 0;
+    GLuint m_depth_map_texture = 0;
+
     GLuint m_quad_vbo = 0;
 
     glm::mat4 m_ui_proj;

src/camera.cpp

@@ -60,4 +60,6 @@ const glm::vec3& Camera::get_camera_pos() const { return m_camera_pos; }
 
 bool Camera::is_under_water() const { return m_under_water; }
 
+glm::vec3 Camera::get_camera_front() const { return m_player->get_front(); }
+
 } // namespace Cubed

src/gameplay/world.cpp

@@ -757,8 +757,10 @@ void World::serever_run(std::stop_token stoken) {
     Logger::info("Server Thread Started!");
     while (!stoken.stop_requested()) {
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(milliseconds(m_per_tick_time));
-        ++m_game_ticks;
+        if (m_day_night_cycle) {
-        m_day_tick = (++m_day_tick) % DAY_TIME;
+            ++m_game_ticks;
+            m_day_tick = (++m_day_tick) % DAY_TIME;
+        }
     }
     Logger::info("Server Thread Stopped!");
 }

src/renderer.cpp

@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ Renderer::~Renderer() {
     glDeleteTextures(1, &m_accum_texture);
     glDeleteTextures(1, &m_reveal_texture);
     glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &m_oit_depth_render_buffer);
+
+    glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &m_depth_map_fbo);
+    glDeleteTextures(1, &m_depth_map_texture);
 }
 
 void Renderer::hot_reload() {
@@ -76,6 +79,8 @@ void Renderer::init() {
     Shader composite_block_shader{"composite",
                                   "shaders/block_composite_v_shader.glsl",
                                   "shaders/block_composite_f_shader.glsl"};
+    Shader depth_shader{"depth_shader", "shaders/depth_shader.glsl",
+                        "shaders/depth_fragment_shader.glsl"};
     m_shaders.insert({world_shader.hash(), std::move(world_shader)});
     m_shaders.insert({outline_shader.hash(), std::move(outline_shader)});
     m_shaders.insert({sky_shdaer.hash(), std::move(sky_shdaer)});
@@ -86,6 +91,7 @@ void Renderer::init() {
     m_shaders.insert({accum_shader.hash(), std::move(accum_shader)});
     m_shaders.insert(
         {composite_block_shader.hash(), std::move(composite_block_shader)});
+    m_shaders.insert({depth_shader.hash(), std::move(depth_shader)});
     glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
     glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);
 
@@ -456,11 +462,124 @@ void Renderer::updata_framebuffer(int width, int height) {
     }
     glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
 
+    // depth map fbo
+    if (m_depth_map_fbo == 0) {
+        glGenFramebuffers(1, &m_depth_map_fbo);
+    }
+    glDeleteTextures(1, &m_depth_map_texture);
+    glGenTextures(1, &m_depth_map_texture);
+
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_depth_map_texture);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, DEPTH_MAP_WIDTH,
+                 DEPTH_MAP_HEIGHT, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER);
+    float border_color[] = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
+    glTexParameterfv(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_BORDER_COLOR, border_color);
+    // Manually compare shadows
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_MODE, GL_NONE);
+    // glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_MODE,
+    //                 GL_COMPARE_REF_TO_TEXTURE);
+    // glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_FUNC, GL_LEQUAL);
+
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, m_depth_map_fbo);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_TEXTURE_2D,
+                           m_depth_map_texture, 0);
+    glDrawBuffer(GL_NONE);
+    glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
+    if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
+        Logger::error("FBO incomplete after resize!");
+    } else {
+        Logger::info("Frame Buffer Complete!");
+    }
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
     m_width = width;
     m_height = height;
 }
 
 void Renderer::render_world() {
+    // shader map
+    const auto& depth_shader = get_shader("depth_shader");
+    depth_shader.use();
+
+    glm::vec3 cam_pos = m_camera.get_camera_pos();
+    glm::vec3 cam_fwd = m_camera.get_camera_front();
+    float half_extent = 256.0f;
+
+    glm::vec3 center = cam_pos + cam_fwd * (half_extent * 0.5f);
+
+    glm::vec3 sundir = glm::normalize(m_world.sunlight_dir());
+    glm::vec3 up =
+        fabs(sundir.y) > 0.99f ? glm::vec3(0, 0, 1) : glm::vec3(0, 1, 0);
+
+    glm::mat4 light_basis = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0.0f), sundir, up);
+    float texels_per_unit = DEPTH_MAP_WIDTH / (half_extent * 2.0f);
+    glm::vec3 ls_center = glm::vec3(light_basis * glm::vec4(center, 1.0f));
+    ls_center.x = std::round(ls_center.x * texels_per_unit) / texels_per_unit;
+    ls_center.y = std::round(ls_center.y * texels_per_unit) / texels_per_unit;
+    glm::vec3 snapped_center =
+        glm::vec3(glm::inverse(light_basis) * glm::vec4(ls_center, 1.0f));
+
+    float distance = 128.0f;
+    glm::vec3 light_pos = snapped_center - sundir * distance;
+    glm::mat4 light_view = glm::lookAt(light_pos, snapped_center, up);
+    glm::mat4 light_projection = glm::ortho(
+        -half_extent, half_extent, -half_extent, half_extent, 1.0f, 500.0f);
+
+    glm::mat4 light_space_matrix = light_projection * light_view;
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(depth_shader.loc("lightSpaceMatrix"), 1, GL_FALSE,
+                       glm::value_ptr(light_space_matrix));
+
+    glViewport(0, 0, DEPTH_MAP_WIDTH, DEPTH_MAP_WIDTH);
+    glCullFace(GL_FRONT);
+
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, m_depth_map_fbo);
+    glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+    auto& m_render_snapshots = m_world.render_snapshots();
+    auto& camera_pos = m_camera.get_camera_pos();
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
+    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    for (const auto& snapshot : m_render_snapshots) {
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY,
+                      m_texture_manager.get_texture_array());
+        glBindVertexArray(snapshot.normal_vao);
+
+        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, snapshot.normal_vertices_count);
+    }
+
+    // cross_plane and discard
+
+    for (const auto& snapshot : m_render_snapshots) {
+
+        glm::vec2 camera_pos_xz{camera_pos.x, camera_pos.z};
+        if (snapshot.cross_vertices_count != 0) {
+            glm::vec2 center_xz{snapshot.center.x, snapshot.center.z};
+            float dist2d = glm::distance(camera_pos_xz, center_xz);
+            if (dist2d <= CROSS_PLANE_DISTANCE * 16) {
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY,
+                              m_texture_manager.get_texture_array());
+                glBindVertexArray(snapshot.cross_vao);
+
+                glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, snapshot.cross_vertices_count);
+            }
+        }
+        if (snapshot.normal_discard_vertices_count != 0) {
+            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY,
+                          m_texture_manager.get_texture_array());
+            glBindVertexArray(snapshot.normal_discard_vao);
+
+            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0,
+                         snapshot.normal_discard_vertices_count);
+        }
+    }
+
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, m_fbo);
+
+    glCullFace(GL_BACK);
+    glViewport(0, 0, m_width, m_height);
     const auto& normal_block_shader = get_shader("normal_block");
     normal_block_shader.use();
 
@@ -468,6 +587,8 @@ void Renderer::render_world() {
     m_proj_loc = normal_block_shader.loc("proj_matrix");
 
     glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_depth_map_texture);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
 
     m_m_mat = glm::translate(glm::mat4(1.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
     m_v_mat = m_camera.get_camera_lookat();
@@ -480,6 +601,8 @@ void Renderer::render_world() {
     glUniformMatrix4fv(m_proj_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(m_p_mat));
     glUniformMatrix4fv(normal_block_shader.loc("norm_matrix"), 1, GL_FALSE,
                        glm::value_ptr(m_norm_mat));
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(normal_block_shader.loc("lightSpaceMatrix"), 1, GL_FALSE,
+                       glm::value_ptr(light_space_matrix));
     glUniform1f(normal_block_shader.loc("ambientStrength"), m_ambient_strength);
     glUniform3fv(normal_block_shader.loc("sunlightColor"), 1,
                  glm::value_ptr(SUNLIGHT_COLOR));
@@ -488,9 +611,7 @@ void Renderer::render_world() {
 
     m_mvp_mat = m_p_mat * m_mv_mat;
 
-    auto& camera_pos = m_camera.get_camera_pos();
     auto& m_planes = m_world.planes();
-    auto& m_render_snapshots = m_world.render_snapshots();
 
     Math::extract_frustum_planes(m_mvp_mat, m_planes);
 
@@ -571,6 +692,7 @@ void Renderer::render_world() {
     glBlendFunci(0, GL_ONE, GL_ONE);
 
     glBlendFunci(1, GL_ZERO, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
     for (const auto& snapshot : m_render_snapshots) {
         if (!Math::is_aabb_in_frustum(snapshot.center, snapshot.half_extents,
                                       m_planes)) {